Przegląd Historyczny

Religia a wojskowość bizantyńska w świetle traktatów wojskowych IX–XI wieku

Michał Wojnowski — 2009-06-30

Religion and the Byzantine Military in the Light of Treatises on Military Art
9th–11th c.

The article discusses the influence of religion on the functioning of the Byzantine army. The author conducts his inquiry on the following treatises devoted to military art: Tactica by Emperor Leo VI 886–912, Per strategias by an anonymous author, Praecepta Militaria of Emperor Nicephoros Phocas 963–969. He also exploits the writings of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetus and the Alexiad by Anna Comnena.Wojnowski points out that among the writers mentioned above only Nicefor Fokas was an experienced military leader. Nevertheless the sources consider not only the postulated condition, but the actual state of the armed forces too. In accord with their accounts, the Byzantine army utilised religious insignia, displayed Christian symbols on soldiers’ shields, and emphasized religious accents e.g. defence of Christianity in speeches of commanders to their troops. The men and officers repeated individual and common prayers for victories, which became increasingly intensive in the face of the enemy. Apart from invoking God’s assistance, the practices mentioned above served the purpose of psychologically mobilising soldiers for combat. The fact that some of the enemies of the Byzantine Empire Arabs; Bulgars prior to 9th–11th c.; Slavs and the Rus’people were non–Christians facilitated the introduction of religious motifs. Interestingly enough, the Byzantine Church. Despite the efforts of the emperors and of the provincial aristocracy who had landed estates in the regions threatened by the invaders, never did introduce the idea of a “holy war”, and never proclaimed soldiers killed in wars with non–Christians as martyrs. Hence, the status of war in defence of the faith was lower in the Byzantine Empire that in the Muslim world or in theWest during the crusades. This attitude of the Eastern Church prompted the emperors to keep to diplomatic means, if circumstances permitted. And if war proved inevitable, the Byzantine leaders were inclined to avoid unnecessary casualties among their forces.

Nowa bulla Bolesława Krzywoustego i problem ołowianych pieczęci w Polsce wczesnośredniowiecznej

Stanisław Suchodolski — 2009-06-30

The Recently Discovered Bulla of Bolesław III Wrymouth 1102–1138 and the Problem of Lead Seals in Early Medieval Poland

The author considers the four lead bullae discovered during archaeological excavations in the Wielkopolska region Poznań, Gniezno, Głębokie and in Mazovia Susk during the years 2002–2006. The bullae are round and bear signs of being affixed to documents by cords. They are stamped on both sides: the obverses depict a ruler by the name Bolesław or Władysław inscriptions are damaged, while the reverse sides bear the image of St. Adalbert. Objects of the sort were unknown in Poland before these findings. The author points out the similarity of the lettering and of the images with other extant seals and coins. The analysis brings him to the conclusion that the bullae are to be dated in the last 25 years of Bolesław’s III Wrymouth rule period: 1113–1138. Their origins are connected with the weakening of the duke’s power after the murder of his brother, Zbigniew. According to Suchodolski, the duke made efforts to strengthen his authority among others by emphasizing the patronage of St.Adalbert over his person – the patron saint of the country. The author also attempts to determine the relative chronology of the bullae. In his opinion these bullae served as authentication elements added to documents.

Leaden bullae were used in numerous European countries, both in the Byzantin and Latin worlds. Suchodolski argues that the discussed bullae are not copies of a single foreign exemplar, but repeat various motifs found on different bullae, stemming chiefly from Italy, France and or southern Germany. The idea of producing such seals could come from the foreign members of the duke’s court, including the persons who came to Poland with his wife, Salomea the Countess of Berg. Similarly, the makers of the bullae should be looked for in the same milieu.

Okoliczności zmiany polityki papieża Klemensa V wobec sprawy templariuszy na przełomie 1307 i 1308 r.

Magdalena Satora — 2009-06-30

The Change in the Policies of Pope Clement V vis–a–vis the Templars 1307/1308

The author undertakes to determine the reasons of the changes in the attitude of Pope Clement V 1305–1314 towards the Knights Templar during the last months of 1307 and the beginning of 1308. At the beginning, the pope was protesting against the seizure of the members of the order by King Philip the Fair 1285–1314 of France. But in November 1307 the pope himself ordered the arrest of the Templar Knights by all Christian monarchs. Still, at the beginning of the following year, he decided that the investigation against the order should be suspended. Many contemporary historians are of the opinion that these inconsistent moves were the result of pressures exerted at the papal curia by the French king and the attempts of the pontiff to free himself of the unwelcome influence.According to Satora the real motives of these changes were different: the pope was interested in as rapid as possible explanation of the case because the Templar issue hindered the organising of the planned crusade. Apart from that Satora recognises the influence of the cardinals, who were the closest collaborators of the pope.

Z dziejów opactwa benedyktynów w Starych Trokach XV–połowa XVII w.

Tadeusz M. Trajdos — 2009-06-30

The Benedictine Abbey of Stare Troki from the 15th to mid–17th c.

The author deals with the Abbey of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Benedict in Old Trakai Polish: Stare Troki from its foundation in the fifteenth century to the time of theRussian invasion of Lithuania in 1655. Tadeusz M. Trajdos concentrates on four issues: the date and the circumstances of the foundation of the monastery; its location and architecture; its economic resources; and its functioning as a parochial church. The foundation date is disputed in literature; Trajdos argues that 1405 is the most probable date: although it is transmitted by later sources, the tradition comes from the monastery itself. The first monks originated from Tyniec vicinity of Cracow. The Grand Duke Vytautas located them in the remains of the castle destroyed in the last years of the 14th c. during the wars between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights. Trajdos is convinced that this was decisive for the architectural shaping of the monastery: brick–stone structure in the Gothic style followed the likes of the previous castle on the site. Later reconstructions c. 1577, and the first half of the 17th c. were of limited character and did little to alter the basic shape and style of the monastery buildings.

Trajdos demonstrates that the landed endowment of the abbey was modest: prior to 1415 the monastery totally depended on the means supplied by the duke; later on, it received several allotments in the town of Old Trakai and two villages. The next donation form the ruler came not earlier than in 1517; it was followed by a private endowment only in 1634 actually obtained in 1648. In such circumstances increase of the monastery’s income could be attained through colonisation of land and intensification of production: taxation reform and a construction program including building of mills, hog lots, a fulling mill and a windmill was introduced. The products of these enterprises were traded. The monastery derived income from inn–keeping. There is evidence suggesting the existence of a brewery and a brick–yard. There was also an attempt to enhance the income of the abbey by creating a pilgrimage centre in the monastery, but it failed. Another method of raising funds was the functioning of the abbey as the parochial church for the local population. Such practices were common in Lithuania, a country which entered Christendom late and had a very loose parochial network. The monastery started to function as a parish most probably in mid–sixteenth century, but we have no source confirmation of the existence of a parochial school until the end of the period.

Łacińskojęzyczne inskrypcje nagrobne jako źródło do badań nad kobietą w okresie nowożytnym oraz wyzwanie edytorskie w związku z książką Katarzyny Góreckiej, Pobożne matrony i cnotliwe panny, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2006, s. 200, ilustr.

Katarzyna Gołąbek — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Ignacy Lewandowski, Historiografia rzymska, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2007, s. 528

Adam Ziółkowski — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Texts and Identities in the Early Middle Ages, red. Richard Corradini, Rob Meens, Christina Pössel, Philip Shaw, Wien 2006, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 12, s. 460

Aneta Pieniądz — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Dieter Hägermann, Das Papsttum am Vorabend des Investiturstreites. Stephan IX. 1057–1058, Benedikt X. 1058 und Nikolaus II. 1058–1061, Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2008, Päpste und Papsttum, t. XXXVI, s. XII, 247

Przemysław Nowak — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Samantha Kahn Herrick, Imagining the Sacred Past: Hagiography and Power in Early Normandy, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. — London U.K. 2007, Harvard Historical Studies, 156, s. XIII + 256

Paweł Figurski — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Jan Szymczak, Pojedynki i harce. Turnieje i gonitwy. Walki o życie, cześć, sławę i pieniądze w Polsce Piastów i Jagiellonów, Wydawnictwo DIG, Warszawa 2008, s. 288

Robert Bubczyk — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Ernest Marcos Hierro, Almogàvers. La història, L’esfera dels llibres, Barcelona 2005, s. 365

Wiktor Ostasz — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Andrzej Żygadło, Reformacja w Szwecji, Danii i Norwegii. Studium porównawcze, Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Semper”, Warszawa 2005, s. 280

Krystyna Szelągowska — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Mathias Niendorf, Das Großfürstentum Litauen. Studien zur Nationsbildung in der Frühen Neuzeit 1569–1795, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2006, s. 329

Robert Friedl — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Barbarzyńcy u bram Imperium, pod red. Stanisława Turleja, Towarzystwo Wydawnicze „Historia Iagellonica”, Kraków 2007, Mediterraneum IV, s. 312

Mirosław J. Leszka — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Jacek Wiewiorowski, Stanowisko prawne rzymskich dowódców wojsk prowincjonalnych — duces w prowincjach Scythia Minor i Moesia Secunda, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2007, s. 451

Waldemar Ceran — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Georg Ostrogorski, Dzieje Bizancjum, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2008, s. 626

Kazimierz Ilski — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Frank Kolb, Ideał późnoantycznego władcy. Ideologia i autoprezentacja, przekład A. Gierlińska, do druku podał L. Mrozewicz, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2008, s. 307

Krzysztof Wiśniewski — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Stephen Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire, ad 284–641, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Oxford 2007, s. 469

Krzysztof Wiśniewski — 2009-06-30

Recenzja: Czasy Jana Chryzostoma i jego pasterska pedagogia, red. Norbert Widok, Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, Opolska Biblioteka Teologiczna 105, Opole 2008, s. 296

Mirosław J. Leszka — 2009-06-30

Turek na rencie dożywotniej w Polsce w XVI wieku

Andrzej Dziubiński — 2009-06-30

Millennium urodzin św. Piotra Damianiego

Krzysztof Skwierczyński — 2009-06-30

Ludwik Niemiecki, król niedoceniany — nowa biografia polityczna Eric J. Goldberg, Struggle for Empire. Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876, Cornell University Press, Ithaca–London 2006, s. XXI+388

Aneta Pieniądz — 2009-06-30