Artykuły
Termin crypto art pojawił się około 2017 roku w środowiskach, które, podążając za przykładem Rare Pepes (niszowych memów przekształconych w kolekcjonerskie karty cyfrowe) oraz projektów takich jak CryptoPunks i CryptoKitties, zaczęły kojarzyć cyfrowe dzieła sztuki z zarejestrowanymi w blockchainie i kontrolowanymi przez inteligentne kontrakty NFT (non-fungible tokens). Termin ten, sformułowany przez analityków danych, artystów, kolekcjonerów, właścicieli platform i badaczy sztuki w „zdecentralizowanym artykule” opublikowanym na łamach czasopisma „Leonardo”, został nieodpowiedzialnie spopularyzowany przez masowe media i czasopisma artystyczne w trakcie mody na NFT, która na początku 2021 roku zawładnęła częścią świata. Posługiwanie się nim jako nazwą gatunku sztuki budzi jednak zastrzeżenia na wielu poziomach. Niniejszy artykuł oferuje pogłębioną analizę samego określenia oraz praktyk nim opisywanych aby wykazać jego nieadekwatność oraz zwrócić uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenia, które może przynieść stosowanie go.
Akhtar T., Sotheby’s plans its first NFT auction with artist Pak and Nifty Gateway, Coindesk, 4.06.2021, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/04/06/sothebys-plans-its-first-nft-auctionwith-artist-pak-and-nifty-gateway.
Boddington R., “These are important visual moments”: artist Robbie Barrat pushes, tests and breaks AI in his works, It’s Nice That, 24.02.2020, https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/onesto-watch-2020-robbie-barrat-digital-240220.
Boucher B., Not to be left out, Sotheby’s is wading into the NFT fray with an auction by the anonymous digital artist Pak, Artnet News, 16.03.2021, https://news.artnet.com/market/sothebys-auctionnft-collaboration-artist- pak-1952293.
Buist K., Chain reaction, „Artforum”, 10.03.2021, https://www.artforum.com/slant/kevin-buist-onthe-nft-boom-85221.
Buterin V., Ethereum whitepaper, Ethereum, 2013, https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/.
Cabiscol L., Insight: ‘Portraits of a Mind’, an enticing tribute to Bitcoin’s history by Robert Alice, Clot, 24.02.2021, https://www.clotmag.com/news/insight-portraits-of-a-mind-an-enticingtribute-to-bitcoins-history-by-robert-alice.
Cascone S., Here are the 10 most expensive NFT artworks, from Beeple’s $69 million opus to an 18-year-old’s $500,000 vampire queen, Artnet News, 23.03.2021, https://news.artnet.com/market/most-expensive-nfts-1952597.
Cascone S., Phillips is entering the digital fray with the sale of a Mad Dog Jones NFT that will generate new NFTs every month, Artnet News, 2.04.2021, https://news.artnet.com/market/phillips-mad-dog-jones-nft-1956730.
Cawrey D., How Monegraph uses the block chain to verify digital assets, Coindesk, 15.05.2014, https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2014/05/15/how-monegraph-uses-the-block-chain-toverify-digital-assets.
Clusterduck, The Detective Wall Guide: A Meme Manifesto Project, Ljubliana 2021.
Dal Dosso S., Cats, frogs and cryptoartists: What if auteur .jpgs become a luxury good, INC Longform, 11.03.2021, https://networkcultures.org/longform/2021/03/11/cats-frogs-and-cryptoartists-whatif-auteur-jpgs-become-a-luxury-good/.
Dash A., NFTs weren’t supposed to end like this, „The Atlantic”, 2.04.2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-werent-supposed-end-like/618488/.
De Filippi P., Wright A., Blockchain and the Law: The Rule of Code, Cambridge-London 2018.
Droitcour B., NFT as joke, Artnews, 2.04.2021, https://www.artnews.com/ art-in-america/features/nft-joke-1234588596/.
Fazio M., The world knows her as ‘Disaster Girl.’ She just made $500,000 off the meme, „The New York Times”, 29.04.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/29/arts/disaster-girl-meme-nft.html.
Franceschet M., Colavizza G., Smith T., Finucane B., Ostachowski M.L., Scalet S., Perkins J., Morgan J., Hernandez S., Crypto art: A decentralized view, arXiv, 9.06.2019, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.03263.
Goldstein C., Damien Hirst’s new NFT project forces buyers to choose between owning a digital token or a work on paper, Artnet News, 13.07.2021, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/damienhirst-the-currency-1988535.
Gompertz W., Everydays: The First 5000 Days—Will Gompertz reviews Beeple’s digital work, BBC News, 13.03.2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56368868.
Kastrenakes J., How many layers of copyright infringement are in Emily Ratajkowski’s new NFT?, The Verge, 24.04.2021, https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/24/22399790/emily-ratajkowski-nftchristies-copyright-night-mare-richard-prince.
Lolli A., La guerra dei meme. Fenomenologia di uno scherzo infinito, Firenze 2017.
Herbert M., How the NFT craze reveals the artworld’s snobbism, Art Review, 10.03.2021, http://artreview.com/how-nft-craze-reveals-artworld-snobbism/.
Nagle A., Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right, Winchester-Washington 2017.
Nathan, The early evolution of (some) art on the blockchain, cz. 1, Medium, 24.10.2018, https://medium.com/kaleidoscope-xcp/the-early-evolution-of-art-on-the-blockchain-part-1-d52d1454e34b/.
OpenSea, Announcing OpenSea, Medium, 28.12.2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20190421134957/https://medium.com/opensea/announcing-open-sea-4e90daa8c84.
Ostachowski M.L., History of crypto art, Martin Lukas Ostachowski, https://ostachowski.com/about/what-is-crypto-art-or-nft-art/history-of-crypto-art/.
Pace partners with Urs Fischer to launch NFT native series CHAOS, Pace Gallery, 5.04.2021, https://www.pacegallery.com/journal/urs-fischer-launches-nft-series-chaos/.
Pepe the Frog, [hasło w:] Know Your Meme, https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pepe-the-frog.
Pritchard W., They were ancient internet memes. Now NFTs are making them rich, Wired, 16.04.2021, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/nft-memes-2010s.
Quaranta D., Beyond New Media Art, Brescia 2013.
Rivers Ryan T., Token gesture, „Artforum” 59, 2021, nr 6, s. 65–66.
Rhizome, Seven on Seven 2014: Kevin McCoy & Anil Dash, Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/96131398.
Saltz J., Think of NFTs as a brush, Vulture, 15.04.2021, https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/nfts-willbe-an-artistic-tool-as-powerful-as-any-other.html.
Schachter K., Are NFTs the next tulip bubble? Kenny Schachter doesn’t care—and he sold his own grandma on the crypto web to prove it, Artnet News, 9.03.2021, https://news.artnet.com/opinion/kenny-schachter-on-nfts-continued-1950407.
Schachter K., Kenny Schachter gets sucked into the surreal NFT vortex… and makes a fortune overnight in the new virtual art market, Artnet News, 23.02.2021, https://news.artnet.com/opinion/kenny-schachter-tk-1946256.
Stallabrass J., Art Incorporated: The Story of Contemporary Art, Oxford 2004.
SuperRare Labs Team, It’s SuperRare’s first birthday!, Medium, 2.04.2019, https://medium.com/superrare/its-superrare-s-first-birthday-c160ee26ee63.
Takahashi D., CryptoKitties explained: Why players have bred over a million blockchain felines, VentureBeat, 6.10.2018, https://venturebeat.com/business/cryptokitties-explained-why-playershave-bred-over-a-million-blockchain-felines/.
Tanni V., Memestetica. Il settembre eterno dell’arte, Roma 2020.
Vitalik Buterin [sylwetka twórcy], Cypherhunter, https://www.cypherhunter.com/en/p/vitalik-buterin/.
Beeple, The First 5000 Days [aukcja; zakończona 11.03.2021], Christie’s, https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/beeple-first-5000-days/beeple-b-1981-1/112924.
CryptoKitties—Bringing Blockchain to Life [opis wystawy], ZKM Center for Art and Media Karsruhe, https://zkm.de/en/event/2018/09/cryptokitties-bringing-blockchain-to-life.
CryptoPunks, Larva Labs, https://web.archive.org/web/20170610130217/https://www.larvalabs.com/cryptopunks/.
Ethereum—Art Market, Rhea Myers, https://rhea.art/2014/07/25/ethereum-art-market/.
Ethereum—This Contract Is Art, Rhea Myers, https://rhea.art/2014/07/23/ethereum-this-contract-is-art/.
Hello, I’m Victor (FEWOCiOUS) and this is my life [aukcja], https://web.archive.org/
web/20220706064959/https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/hello-im-victor-fewocious-my-life/overview/2048?sc_lang=en.
Jonas Lund | ON THIS DAY [opis wystawy], KÖNIG DIGITAL, https://web.archive.org/web/20210717191434/https://www.koeniggalerie.com/exhibitions/37447/on-this-day/.
Mad Dog Jones [profil użytkownika], Nifty Gateway Studio, https://www.niftygateway.com/profile/maddogjones/.
Matt Kane, Right Place & Right Time (Bitcoin Hourly Price Offset), ASync Art, https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014435/https://async.art/art/master/0xb6dae651468e9593e4581705a09c10a76ac1e0c8-245.
Myers R., Allographic, fake, information, materiality, 9.09.2013, Rob Myers, https://web.archive.org/web/20131105030053/https://robmyers.org/2013/09/09/allographic-fake-informationmateriality.
MYSOUL, 2014, Counterparty and Dogeparty assets, Rhea Myers, https://rhea.art/my-soul/.
Natively Digital: A curated NFT sale [aukcja; 10.06.2021], Sotheby’s, https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/natively-digital-a-curated-nft-sale-2/.
Richard Prince, New Portraits [opis wystawy], Gagosian, https://gagosian.com/exhibitions/2014/richard-prince-new-portraits/.
Robert Alice, Block 21, [aukcja; zakończona 7.10.2020] Christie’s, https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-robert-alice-block-21-6283759/.
Ryder Ripps, nothing [aukcja], Foundation App, https://web.archive.org/web/20210331012652/https://foundation.app/ryder_ripps/nothing-16682.
Scholas Occurrentes collection, Akoin NFT, https://web.archive.org/web/20210701005036/https://www.akoinnft.io/#collection?Scholas-Occurrentes.
Stay Free (Edward Snowden, 2021) [aukcja], Foundation App, https://web.archive.org/web/20210615193836/https://foundation.app/@Snowden/stay-free-edward-snowden-2021-24437.
Strona główna Beeple’a (Mike’a Winkelmanna), https://www.beeple-crap.com/.
Strona główna CryptoKitties, https://www.cryptokitties.co/.
Strona główna PostmastersBC, https://postmastersblockchain.com/.
The EverLasting Beautiful by FEWOCiOUS [aukcja], Nifty Gateway, https://niftygateway.com/itemdetail/primary/0x1c233a2676bd7ec4f83b78962712fb66350f7d26/2.
THE SHIPPING by Reisinger Andrés, Nifty Gateway Studio, 20.02.2021, https://niftygateway.com/collections/theshipping.
This Changed Everything: Source Code for XXX x Tim Berners=Lee, an NFT [aukcja; zakończona 30.07.2021], https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/this-changed-everything-sourcecode-for-www-x-tim-berners-lee-an-nft/.
TokenAngels’ collection, ASync Art, https://web.archive.org/web/20220628235106/https://async.art/u/tokenangels/collection.
Volatilityart.com, Matt Kane, https://mattkane.com/projects/volatility-art/.
WarNymph Collection Vol 1 by Grimes x Mac, Nifty Gateway Studio, 28.02.2021, https://niftygateway.com/collections/warnymphvolume1.
X by Pak, Nifty Gateway Studio, 28.04.2020, https://www.niftygateway.com/collections/pak/.