Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

Niesprawiedliwość poznawcza według Mirandy Fricker. Zastosowania, zarzuty i kontynuacje

Renata Ziemińska — 2024-12-19

The article presents the concept of epistemic injustice developed by Miranda Fricker (2007, 2017). The term refers to instances in which an individual is assigned an inferior epistemic position and thus is at risk of non-epistemic mistreatment. Fricker discusses testimonial injustice (subconsciously seeing someone as less credible) using the example of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Hermeneutical injustice, which is described as either a gap in knowledge or a harmful interpretation in the collective imagination, is exemplified by sexual harassment and homosexuality. One of the major critiques and developments of the concept of hermeneutical injustice was presented by Arianna Falbo (2022). She argues that the sources of hermeneutical injustice are not limited to gaps in knowledge but also a plethora of misleading concepts which cover up and overpower better concepts. Thus, the mere presence of appropriate concepts is not enough, the absence of harmful concepts is also necessary. The author claims that modifying the concept of epistemic injustice as proposed by Falbo explains why the existence of a nonbinary gender category in the German legal system was not sufficient to reject the binary gender system. Finally, the author discusses an analogous concept of epistemic disobedience from decolonial philosophy¹. These discussions result in the claim that epistemic errors, overlooking certain experiences and/or usurping objectivity are the basis of unintentional discrimination.

Kontrreformacja i herezja w tekstach Leszka Kołakowskiego. Próba przebudowy terytorium

Norbert Frejek — 2024-12-19

Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009) is known primarily as a researcher and critic of Marxism. However, his research on the philosophy of religion, especially the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, is less known. The text presents the Polish philosopher’s position on the phenomenon of heresy and orthodoxy, showing the role of both phenomena and their mutual interpenetration. Orthodoxy is a function of heresy, and heresy is a causative function of orthodoxy. The Reformation is considered a reaction to the tension between the religious consciousness of the individual and the social bond built by the institutional Church. The Reformation can therefore be considered an act of building a new quality of bond between the individual and the church institution. In turn, the Counter-Reformation consists in expanding the field of orthodoxy by accepting, in part, what the Reformation had developed. The author proposes to use the Russian term “perestroika” known from the Gorbachev era to refer to the Counter-Reformation. In this sense, counter-reformation can be defined as an attempt to introduce a new quality in the relationship between the individual and the leader, and an attempt to rebuild trust.

Czego nie będziemy wiedzieć o Czystej Formie?

Piotr Martin — 2024-12-19

In the article I attempt to specify the uniqueness of the key aesthetics categories. The argument is based on the concept of Pure Form put forward by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz. I provide an argument for a claim that aesthetic terms categories must remain open, and I try to explain how to understand their openness. My attempt is based on my own interpretation of Pure Form as a concept belonging to aesthetic theory and associated not only with the creation of a work of art. I argue that the proposed interpretation may be accepted on the condition that we would never be able fully to understand how an object becomes a masterpiece. Pure Form has a dynamic, living, open, performative nature and thus will never be fully understood.

Obecność idei kontemplacji w malarstwie Michaela Willmanna

Dominika Jacyk-Manikowska — 2024-12-19

This article discusses the idea of contemplation in the paintings of Michael Willmann. Though contemplation does not make itself present immediately in his works, the nature of his painting may both stimulate the practice of contemplation and visually exemplify the contemplative practice. In the paper, I consider several alternative ways of understanding contemplation which may be found exemplified in Willmann’s work. I discuss the role of visual representations in the prayer practices of the time as well as the changes in the very idea of contemplation that followed the publication of St Ignatius Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises in 1548. The outlined here account of Willmann’s painting as anchored in the context of historical circumstances steers away from any categorical judgment and is meant as an invitation to personally experience his art.

Transformations of the Notion of Landscape in the Context of Nature–Culture Relation

Beata Trochimska-Kubacka — 2024-12-19

The landscape has been of particular interest since the 1970s, and this is largely due to the threats to nature resulting from the climate crisis. The axis of the argument is the assumption of a significant relationship between the concept of landscape and the nature-culture relationship in the modern era and today. The text reflects on the meaning of the concept of landscape in aesthetic and cultural terms and within the framework of contemporary environmental aesthetics and the philosophy of natural heritage. Landscape as an aesthetic idea emerged in the modern era with the development of landscape painting. In J. Ritter’s approach, the concept of landscape focuses, as in a lens, on the modern-era attitude of man to nature. Landscape as a medium is not only a genre of art but also becomes a carrier of ideas, social needs and political aspirations. The content of the article refers to the concept of W.J.T. Mitchell and S. Pietraszko. Landscape as an environment and natural heritage will be discussed in the example of A. Carlson’s concept and approach to nature and landscape which is reflected in UNESCO conventions.

Czym jest postmodernizm? Głos po latach

Antoni Torzewski — 2024-12-19

Philosophical postmodernism, since its beginning, has aroused controversies and was met with a great deal of criticism. One has to state, however, that there is an enormous confusion concerning what in essence this criticized philosophical approach is, i.e.: what is postmodernism? The aim of this paper is an attempt to clarify postmodernism by showing a significant part of its current reception, its relation with other philosophical currents, and pointing out some “myths” connected to it. As the title says, the presented article is a “voice years later”, so it is a voice asking about postmodernism today — when it is more mature and grounded than in the 1970s or 1980s. From this perspective, the main question of the text is: what kind of postmodernism (or: what understanding of postmodernism) makes sense and has value for contemporary philosophy.

Modelling Qualia with Physical Computers

Zoltán Sóstai — 2024-12-19

According to Frank Jacksonʼs knowledge argument, Mary, who lives in a black-and-white world, has all the physical knowledge about the world, yet she has new information when she sees a red apple. If we accept this, then physicalism – according to which the description of the world can be realised entirely with the help of physical theories – is false. However, even if Jacksonʼs argument about new information is true, we do not have to discard physicalism. Even exclusively physical computer systems are not capable of predicting their own sensory information if they are built using a specific structure and complexity. It can be shown that a specific type of computational system can lead to the creation of decision-related unpredictability of a specific type of sensory information. This investigation takes a charitable position towards the concept of qualia to provide it with a physicalist and computationalist explanation.