Discussions and polemics between representatives of different religious orientations are not a new phenomenon. Even in antiquity there was already a struggle between Christian theologians and representatives of newly emerging heresies. In Poland religious polemics were a common phenomenon in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were attended by both Catholic theologians and representatives of various Protestant communities, as well as antitrinitarians called the Polish Brethren. Very important theological issues were discussed, but in addition to the substantive arguments, there were also mentions relating to history, politics, and even medicine. In this article I present how references to various branches of medicine were used in theological texts, and show how the terms relating to various dis-eases and their symptoms could be used to construct an image of a religious opponent.