In this publication, the author has attempted to reconstruct two philosophical and political trends — liberalism and conservatism. In the article, we can find a short historical outline of both concepts and an attempt to systematize their definitions. The related difficulty results from the multitude of contexts and phenomena influencing the shaping of both concepts. Moreover, the author made a short review of selected publications related to them, which allow looking at the phenomena from different research perspectives. In the summary, studies are presented that compare both concepts by way of contrast, which allows further analyses in the perspective of studying social divisions and the worldview dichotomy in the Polish and global perspectives.